Their heart-stopping performance, which paired the great orchestral work with an elegant, seamless routine, captured the worlds imagination and had a British TV audience of 24 million people glued to their screens at home. The judges had other ideas and awarded them the Bronze medal. This introduced them to an events promoter, Michael Edgley, and to the Sydney Dance Company, whose artistic director was Graeme Murphy. Omissions? Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean - Vintage Photograph 2761036 at the best online prices at eBay! Nottingham coach Janet Sawbridge put them together, and shortly afterwards, they started their ice dancing history. In 1998, the pair officially retired, each continuing to coach and choreograph separately. But it also meant there was no longer a perfect six, so even if skaters were to emerge with the formidable talent of Torvill and Dean, they could not emulate the historic scores that the British pair achieved. The two couples with the lowest combined scores then compete in a skate-off after which the judges vote for the couple they want to save. Having been approached by the BBC to film a documentary for their Omnibus series, a piece of music was commissioned, named Tilt. Dedication was called for. After a short break, the show moved to the southern hemisphere and Australia, including performances in Tasmania in the circus tent, last used in Nottingham a year earlier. The then 55-year-old Jayne Torvill and 54-year-old Christopher Dean took the ice rink on Dancing On Ice and gave a beautiful reenactment of their world-famous routine. It had never been achieved before and never since. They worked with Australian dance choreographer Graeme Murphy at first, and they were able to create not only routines for themselves but entire ice shows with a thematic coherence, which toured Australia, the U.S., and Europe. This is our official website and we hope that you will find it both informative and entertaining. Nothing of the kind. Sunday, 5 September 2021. It was the highlight of the Christmas viewing schedule inthe UK and won the Bronze Rose at the Montrose Film Festival.Then the company went back on the road for the North American leg of the tour. So I dont know how it would go down wed probably be breaking the rules, she told British media. They had a nail-biting wait as they were scheduled to perform last in their category. He left school at 16 to train as a police officer but quit the force in 1980 to become a full-time ice skater. What would be their last touring show, Ice Adventures, premiered in Birmingham, England. Throughout Torvill and Dean's career excited journalists would pursue the notion of a romance, especially given the sultry and almost intimate nature of the Bolro routine. Torvill and Dean also won multiple gold medals at World and European skating championships, made an Olympic return after they retired from amateur competition, and even embarked on their own. Every morning and evening they would practice, until Chris left the area to continue his training as a policeman. It was later revealed over 24 million people tuned in to watch the young dancers stun with the incredible routine, earning them the status of the highest-scoring figure skaters in the history of the sport. Yugoslavia,Ice Skating, Ice Dance, The Bolero Routine, Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean, Great Britain,. At the European Championships in Strasbourg, France, Jayne and Chris ended up in 9th place and 11th at the World Championships in Ottawa, Canada. After an operation, he spent the next two months in plaster which led to perhaps the oddest Torvill and Dean duet. This was the year when Jayne and Chris went for a night out at the theatre,to see a performance of the musical Barnum at theLondon Palladium starring Michael Crawford. They won - but only just.Back home, they changed their free dance from an intricate, clever and intensely technical programme to a much more athletic, joyful dance. The remaining five couples have to include an unassisted jump in their routines, and the two couples with the lowest combined scores compete in a skate-off after which the judges vote for the couple they want to save. Torvill and Dean went to a music arranger to condense Bolro down to a "skateable" version. After the 2007 and 2008 UK series of Dancing on Ice, Torvill and Dean took the show on the road for a British tour; a similar tour, the "25th Anniversary" (of their Sarajevo Olympic success) took place in 2009. In the meantime, they were still choreographing, notably for the dynamic French Ice Dance team, Anissina and Peizerat, who won first place in the World Championships in 2000. Torvill and Dawn had choreographed one of the most romantic, beautiful and technically perfect performances the world had ever seen. Season 1. They had placed 5th at the previous Olympics, but since then had taken 1st place at the British, European and World Championships every year since. All the Russian skaters could speak English by the end of it and some of the British skaters had learnt some Russian.Jayne and Phil were married in Sacramento, USA on September 21st. After winning the 1981 World Figure Skating Championships (which brought the distinction of MBEs), and with three more years before the Olympics, they began to plan routines which used a single piece of music and had some narrative or thematic element. Passions were running high. The judges had wanted more sparkle; Torvill and Dean unveiled a routine that positively effervesced. | In Oberstdorf, Germany, they came 2nd at an international competition, followed by a 4th place finish at the British Championships. Some 50 dates were still lefton the schedule. The gamble paid off: Paul and Isabelle were crowned World Champions.Chris and Isabelle were married in Quebec, Canada on May 18th.Jayne and Chris flew to Australia to be guests in an ice show conceivedby the Edgely Corporation, the main body of which featured a Ukrainianice skating company, interspersed with Circus acts. Read more: Teenage figure skater lands historic jump in Olympics routine to Ravels Bolro. In 1984, on Valentines Day, Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean made history at the Winter Olympics and set a new standard for world-class figure skating. The marks for each section were then added together to achieve a total score at the end of the competition. "I love that we get to see these two still out here skating and looking amazing. In July 2018, it was announced that Torvill & Dean a biographical film docudrama, had been commissioned by ITV, written by William Ivory and produced by Darlow Smithson. For the Free Dance, you were free to use any music of your choosing as long as there were no vocals and it was no longer than 4 minutes 10 seconds. Jayne and Chris began working with their second company of skaters, the Russian Allstars, whose artistic director was Tatiana Tarasova. They had . The famous couple competed at the 1984 Olympics in Sarajevo and, rather appropriately, danced the extremely poetic and romantic routine on Valentine's Day. They changed coaches to Betty Callaway in 1979. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Torvill-and-Dean, Olympic.org - Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean: perfection on ice, Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). And for so many, Torvill and Deans routine has made Ravels Bolro, with its insistent melody and repeated snare-drum rhythms, synonymous with the sport. Three months later, a few try-out shows were performed in New Zealand and Australia, then the entire company was transported to Oberstdorf for final rehearsals before the opening at Wembley Arena, London, England in the summer. By the age of 14 he was dancing on ice with his first partner, Sandra Elson. At the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia (now in Bosnia and Herzegovina), Jayne Torvill (b. October 7, 1957, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England) and Christopher Dean (in full Christopher Colin Dean; b. But the Torvill and Dean ice-skating relationship was purely professional she employing her dancing skills to enhance the creativity of his brilliant choreography. Dean was 16, and training to be a policeman; Torvill at 17 was a clerk in an insurance firm. The then 55-year-old Jayne Torvill and 54-year-old Christopher Dean took the ice rink on Dancing On Ice and gave a beautiful reenactment of their world-famous routine.. See more: Dancing on Ice: Watch Torvill & Dean's beautiful routine to 'Bridge Over Troubled Water' 30-years previously, the pair accomplished the routine so sensationally it won them a place in the history books as one of the . opened in London on this day. It would be the first time a single piece of music had been used to tell a complete story. Torvill and Dean, English figure skaters who revolutionized the sport of ice dancing. They had been dancing to Ravels Bolero in training to warm up. Their projects included a filmed fairy tale "Fire and Ice." "These photos emanate from a working newspaper archive thus concede routine physical imperfections that can include production flaws, hand placed . They had won the gold medal in emphatic fashion.Then, at the World Championships in Ottawa, Canada, they took gold again. And for this performance, the pair were limited to four minutes give or take 10 seconds. Skating to Michael Bubl's 2022 hit 'Higher', the pair showed the young contestants how it was done as they effortlessly glided across the ice, while performing a series of advanced lifts and spins. Jayne and Chris were invited to perform with Stars On Ice, which was managed by IMG. After the disappointing finish at Lillehammer, Torvill and Dean "retired from competitive skating" on 2 March 1994. The 2018 Dancing on Ice tour featured Torvill & Dean and a host of celebrity skaters from the ITV show. They choreographed, as a team, for other ice dancers and skaters, particularly the Canadian brothersister team Isabelle and Paul Duchesnay, who skated for France at the Albertville 1992 Winter Olympics, taking the silver medal with their West Side Story routine. So July 28 remains a black day for music lovers. The company was disbanded. The European Championships came first. The Face the Music tour returned to the UK and finally finishes its run on August 1st. The famous dancing pair have been judges and creative directors of Dancing On Ice since its inception in 2006. Yo Yo Ma had long wanted to workwith Torvill and Dean because he believed they did for ice-skating whatBach did for the cello.They competed again in the Team Championships, the World Professional Championships and the Challenge of Champions and again won all three. Although remaining close friends, the pair did not skate together again until they were enticed out of retirement to take part in ITV's Dancing on Ice. Im going to try and repeat it a number of times without any development, gradually increasing the orchestra as best I can. This increasing intensity helped make Torvill and Deans performance so magical. The duo became the British Junior Dance champions. The skaters have to include certain types of lifts, certain types of steps none of which are contained in Bolro. The scoring system all changed after the Winter Olympics at Salt Lake City, Utah, in 2002, which brought a scandalinvolving fixed scores and corrupt judging. Philip Chryssikos Official site. In late 1998, they produced an ice show at Wembley Stadium in London, "Ice Adventures," which included a "flying" ice ballet and other wonders. They consulted with a music arranger, who told them the minimum time it could be condensed to was four minutes, 28 seconds. Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean reunited in 2014 for special performance of their 30-year-old Olympic gold medal routine on ITV's Dancing On Ice. "Torvill & Dean (GBR) 1979 World Figure Skating Championships, Ice Dancing, Free Dance", "Torvill & Dean (GBR) 1980 Winter Games, Ice Dancing, Free Dance", "Torvill & Dean (GBR) 1981 World Figure Skating Championships, Free Dance", "Torvill & Dean (GBR) 1984 Sarajevo, Figure Skating, Exhibition (Encore)", "Torvill & Dean (GBR) 1984 World Pros, Ice Dancing, Technical Dance", "Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean Worlds Pro 1985", "Torvill & Dean (GBR) 1990 World Professionals, Ice Dancing, Technical Dance", "Torvill & Dean Revolution/Imagine (1990 WPC)", "Torvill & Dean Still Crazy (1995 WPC)", "Torvill & Dean (GBR) 1990 World Challenge of Champions, Ice Dancing Event", "Torvill & Dean 1994 Team Championships Encounter", "Torvill & Dean Bridge Over Troubled Water", "Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean Cecilia", ITV commissions single drama, Torvill & Dean, written by William Ivory and produced by Darlow Smithson, Unreality TV News of Torvill and Dean on ITVs Dancing On Ice, Video Footage: Barnum Torvill and Dean 1983 World Championships, Video Footage: Bolero Torvill and Dean 1984 Olympics, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torvill_and_Dean&oldid=1137410538, 1984, 1994 (amateur), 1998 (professional), Still Crazy After All These Years, Cecilia, This page was last edited on 4 February 2023, at 14:09. But Chris broke his wrist after only a few weeks. Torvill and Dean first performed together in 1975, after being paired by skating coach Janet Sawbridge. In general, Dean would imagine the sequence he wanted to perform, and Torvill would work with him to refine it technically. The pair retired from competitive skating for good in 1998 when they toured one last time with their own show, Ice Adventures, before rejoining Stars on Ice for one more season. Episode #1.2. Since 2006, they have acted as coaches, choreographers and performers in ITV's Dancing on Ice and its Australian version Torvill and Dean's Dancing on Ice. In Torvill and Dean's 15-year stint on the show, the pair have given the audience some special dance moments to remember, but none quite as iconic as a recreation of their famous Olympic gold medal-winning Bolero in 2014. Gaynor Faye and Matt Evers attend a photocall for Torvill & Dean's 'Dancing On Ice' tour . Torvill and Dean's thoughts on the finalists Their thoughts on Brendan Chris: Brendan is powerful, he really dominates when he's on the ice. In November, they won the British Championships for the first time, an achievement that repeated itself for the next 6 years. The ground-breaking amazingly fun, uplifting, Mack & Mabel routine. how to make a sprite stop moving in code org / June 15, 2022 June 15, 2022 / June 15, 2022 June 15, 2022 Torvill and Dean reviewed the Olympic rule book and found that it stated that actual timing of a skating routine began when the skaters started skating. They were not expected to win the European Championships, in Innsbruck, Austria. Torvill and Dean scored twelve perfect 6.0s and six 5.9s from the judges, as well as a clean sweep of 6.0s for artistic impression - the highest possible score and the only time in Olympic history that an all-perfect score has been achieved. At the Sarajevo 1984 Winter Olympics the pair won gold and became the highest-scoring figure skaters of all time for a single programme, receiving twelve perfect 6.0s and six 5.9s which included artistic impression scores of 6.0 from every judge, after skating to Maurice Ravel's Bolro. Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean gave a stunning skating performance on Sunday night's (March 14) 2021 final of Dancing On Ice. Torvill and Dean performed again with Stars on Ice, touring the USA and Canada.Jayne and Chris began planning a new show, collaborating with Robin Driscoll, who wrote the Mr Bean film scripts, starring Rowan Atkinson. Turning to look at the screen, the pair saw a row of perfect sixes, a record score that will never be repeated. There were options to join a number of ice shows as guest performers, but they harboured a desire to put together their own company of skaters and bring their style of ice dance to the millions who had supported them over the years.Jayne and Chris flew to Sydney to perform alongside the Russian Olympic team in a series of shows. But on a glorious night for British skating, Jayne and Chris became European Ice Dance Champions and six weeks later in Hartford, Connecticut, USA they achieved their 1st World Championship Gold medal. Add Image. The remaining six couples have to include a three-jump in their routines, and the two couples with the lowest combined scores compete in a skate-off after which the judges vote for the couple they want to save. The pair had been making waves at figure skating competitions for some years. 30-years previously, the pair accomplished the routine so sensationally it won them a place in the history books as one of the greatest sporting moments of all time. Proudly powered by WordPress Their Free Dancewould be skated to music from the musical West Side Story. The final two couples perform their favourite routine from the past seven weeks, and a self-choreographed version of Torvill and Dean's signature routine, Ravel's Bolero. Jayne and Chris, who always choreographed their own dance routines, came up with an ingenious solution. [1][2 . When he was 10 years old he was given a life-changing Christmas gift a pair of ice skates. Maurice Ravels Bolro starts with a compelling drum beat. British Champions for a third time. Dec 15, 2022. After eight weeks of competition Sonny Jay, a DJ on Smooth Radio's sister station Capital FM, beat actress Faye Brookes and Olympian Colin Jackson to be crowned 2021's Dancing On Ice champion. Here we Stand was released only in Australia in June of that year.Jayne and Chris returned to England and then went to Oberstdorf to choreograph new dances for the delayed American leg of their tour, which began in September. The nine judges reached for the sixes and awarded Jayne and Chris maximum points. Under the Olympic scoring system at the time routines were judged in two parts: presentation (artistry) and technical merit, both on a scale of 0.0 to 6.0, with 6.0 meaning perfection the ultimate performance. Torvill, 65, and Dean, 64, took to the stage for the second week of Dancing On Ice 's 2023 series and stunned viewers with their complicated routine. It was performedin Sydney, Adelaide and Melbourne. Graeme Murphy became co-artistic director and after assembling a company of top international ice skaters, rehearsals were held in a disused warehouse in downtown Sydney. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. ", Another said:"Fabulous skate. In a non-romantic sense it was a perfect match. Torvill and Dean are English ice dancers and former British, European, Olympic, and World champions. [16], Torvill and Dean's 1984 Olympic free dance was skated to Maurice Ravel's Bolro. It was the longest running tour they had ever done. They would make sure their skates did not touch the ice for 18 seconds once the music started.Six months of hard training in oberstdorf followed and then the British Championships. All this time, Jayne and Chris had relied on grants. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Suddenly, Jayne and Chris were the new darlings of the British media, their relationship off the ice a subject of continued speculation. At the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia (now in Bosnia and Herzegovina), Jayne Torvill (b. October 7, 1957, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England) and Christopher Dean (in full Christopher Colin Dean; b. July 27, 1958, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England) performed a free-dance interpretation of Maurice Ravels Bolro that earned them a gold medal and an unprecedented perfect score of 6.0 for artistic impression from all nine Olympic judges. Everything moves on. Tatiana had been a rival for many years at European, World and Olympic competition.After months of rehearsals, the first performances of a show that was destined to run longer than the World Tour began in Moscow, followed by St Petersburg. Jayne worked as an insurance clerk; Chris was a trainee policeman. Torvill and Dean: The World Tour went to North America, opening in St Johns, Newfoundland in January and toured throughout Canada, performing in enormous ice hockey arenas. They also worked with many world-level competitors as choreographers. Born when free love and anything goes were the mantra of youth, the show "Oh! The movie was broadcast on 25 December 2018, with actor Will Tudor playing the role of Christopher Dean, and actress Poppy Lee Friar playing the role as Jayne Torvill. Jayne Torvill facts: Dancing on Ice star's age, husband and relationship with, Christopher Dean facts: Dancing on Ice star's age, wife, and relationship with Jayne, Torvill, 65, and Dean, 64, stun Dancing on Ice fans with flawless routine to Michael, How George Michael bravely defended his sexuality with 1998 single 'Outside' and became, Dirty Dancing the Musical: Johnny and Baby actors reveal their real-life love story, Download 'If I Could Turn Back Time' on iTunes, Jayne Torvill facts: Dancing on Ice star's age, husband and relationship with Christopher Dean revealed, Christopher Dean facts: Dancing on Ice star's age, wife, and relationship with Jayne Torvill revealed, beautiful reenactment of their world-famous routine, Dancing on Ice: Watch Torvill & Dean's beautiful routine to 'Bridge Over Troubled Water', When Torvill and Dean reunited after 30 years to perform their life-changing Olympic gold Bolro routine. A record-breaking audience of 24 million tuned in in the UK to see their pair compete. Rate. Even the fastest performances of Ravels original work, penned by the French composer in 1928, take it to a minimum of 14 and a half minutes. Lets all be grateful that we have this glorious performance to look back on. Torvill and Dean (Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean) are English ice dancers and former British, European, Olympic, and World champions. [7] 2015 saw Torvill and Dean make their pantomime dbut at the Manchester Opera House, performing in "Cinderella".[8]. Nowadays, with the rules of the competition, its quite a technical thing rather than a creative thing. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. And a lot of people still hold that to be true of it as an artistic piece, a passionate and emotional piece.. Britain was just recovering from the three day week and there was little in the way of green shoots of recovery. Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean were representing the UK in Sarajevo, Bosnia at the 1984 Olympics when they took to the ice and gave a beautiful self-choreographed performance to Maurice Ravel's Bolro. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Read more: Definitively the greatest classical music moments in Olympics history. Composer Antonio Lucio Vivaldi died on this day, exactly nine years before the death of Johann Sebastian Bach. So, the pair began their famous routine on their knees, timing it perfectly so that when Torvill first placed a blade on the ice, they would have the maximum time remaining to spin around the rink. It's a heartfelt memoir, capturing Jayne and Chris' relationship perfectly. By 2014 that marriage was also reported to have broken down. (The Times November 1982). Torvill and Dean record 1978 - Finish fourth at their first European Championships and 11th in their first World Championships 1979 - Sixth in the European Championships and eighth in the World. It is still talked about and emulated to this day. It had been seen by more than one million people.Jayne and Chriss official autobiography, Facing the Music, was published by Simon and Schuster.They were honoured by the German Figure Skating Union for their contribution to the sport.In December, they competed in the World Professional Championships and the Team Championships in the USA and the Challenge of Champions in London, England. They added steps that had been memorable from older dances such as Mack and Mabel and Barnum and hoped that the judges would look more favourably upon them a couple of weeks later.At the Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway, they came a disappointing 3rd after the Compulsories, but no-one could touch Jayne and Chris Rumba and they won the Original dance section. Eventually, they learned that their time did not start when the music started; it began when their skates touched the ice. In 1984 there were no rules requiring the inclusion of specific jumps, spins or other elements. In the summer, Jayne and Chris filmed an hour long television special called Fire and Ice. They became British Champions again. Amid controversy over alleged unfairness in the scoring, they were penalized for moves deemed illegal by the judges and had to settle for a bronze medal. The remaining three couples have to include a one-foot spin for at least three 360 degree rotations in one of their routines, and work with a trapeze in their other routine. The gold medal-winning feat was watched by a worldwide TV audience including 24 million spellbound viewers back home in the UK. But both had enduring work of a much different kind ahead of them practising on the ice rink. The show was taken to other Australian cities and then Graeme agreed to fly to Europe, to assist with the choreography of two newroutines for their first World Professional Championships in the USA.They performed at the Royal Variety show in front of the QueenMother and Prince Charles at the London Palladium. At the World Championships in Dortmand, Germany, they moved up to 4th position. They swung,. The music was composed by Carl Davis,the director was Tom Gutteridge and Graeme Murphy once again assisted withthe choreography. Filling in the time until he and Jayne could get back to work.Wrist healed, the most famous of American ice skating shows, The Ice Capades, offered Jayne and Chris a place on its tour. When she was eight years old she went to the local ice rink on a school trip and became hooked on ice skating. The quickest performance recorded still took 14.5 minutes, well in excess of the 4 minutes allowed in the rules. The music for the compulsories was chosen by the International Skating Union and made up of traditional ballroom rhythms, such as waltz, foxtrot, tango. They timed the performance so that when Torvill first placed a blade on the ice, they would have the maximum skating time remaining.[17]. . Looking back on the spectacular figure skating routine that went down in Olympics history and brought the music of Ravel to the masses. Chris worked again with the Duchesnays and choreographed Reflections, which would be their Free Dance for the new season.After an absence of 5 years, Jayne and Chris decided to compete at the World Professional Championships in the USA once more and secured victory for the 3rd time. Skating to Michael Bubl 's 2022 hit 'Higher', the pair showed the young contestants how it was done as they effortlessly glided across the ice, while performing a series of advanced lifts and spins. For the Blues OSP, they chose a version of Summertime performed by the American harmonica virtuoso Larry Adler.They triumphed at the British Championships and to complete a perfect year, they went to Buckingham Palace to be awarded an MBE by HRH Queen Elizabeth. Credit Solution Experts Incorporated offers quality business credit building services, which includes an easy step-by-step system designed for helping clients build their business credit effortlessly. Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean are the darlings of British ice-skating and in recent years the stars of ITV's Dancing On Ice. Most ice dancers chose a medley of music, edited together, featuring different tempos to show off their skills. They returned to Australia to prepare for Torvill and Dean: The World Tour. Dean virtually acknowledged as much yesterday after denying that there had been anything in the routine worthy of being penalised. Playlist 10 Videos Torvill and Dean's legendary 'Bolero' performance | Music Mondays China's Li Li performs on the floor exercise at Barcelona 1992 Freeride World Tour | Baqueira Beret Team Romania performs on the beam during the women's team final at Sydney 2000 Aleksander Aamodt Kilde: Why Mikaela Shiffrin inspires me A post shared by TorvillandDean (@torvillanddeanofficial). Ravel's original Bolro composition is over 17 minutes long. Turning professional in 1984, they took advantage not only of the financial but of the artistic possibilities of their new status. Wherever they went in their pomp, transfixing the watching world with the artistry of their routines, there was always one question that attended Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean: Torvill was happily married to American sound engineer Phil Christensen in 1990. 1am - 4am, Thais - meditation They began training more and more on the Continent, where they were given far more time on the ice, particularly in Oberstdorf, Germany. At the Sarajevo 1984 Winter. Christopher Dean was born in 1958 at the English village of Calverton, Nottinghamshire. Theme: Newses by Themeansar. Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean are icons of British ice skating. They took their first trophy in 1976. Published: July 19, 2022Updated: July 30, 2022.
Entenmann's Filled French Crumb Cake,
World's Strongest Man Life Expectancy,
What Happened To Cher's Father,
Warren County, Ky Court Docket Search By Name,
Articles T